Xiaokai the Disadvantages

 Famous economist Xiaokai (deceased, the article talks of the 2002 statement)
this topic may not fit many people's tastes, because now all about domestic Disadvantages of in the West after not many people, one economist called Watson died in his fiscal federalism, political economy and other areas of great achievements, . He's the English name is There are two forms of imitation, one is an imitation of the system, another is a pattern of imitation technology and industrialization. As a developing country, so there is no basis in the case of the system to achieve rapid growth through technological imitation. Why say underdeveloped countries in particular, technology is relatively easy to imitate, imitate the system more difficult, because the need to reform the system would violate the vested interests, so poor countries tend to imitate technology. However, backward countries can in the short term although a very good development, but will to the long-term development left many hidden dangers, and even long-term development may fail.
British law system in the gap
18 ~ 19 century, when Britain is the developed countries, and France is developing the most fundamental difference between the two is system gap. the French Revolution era from the authoritarian regime, and Britain after 1688 to achieve the constitutional system. constitutional system in that time is not a democratic system, but a republican system. The so-called republican system is primary election are privileged, only a few wealthy people the right to vote, so you can hardly say that it is democratic. But it is the trust, it is afraid of democracy, oppression of the minority into the majority, so the Republicans have a mechanism for the protection of minorities. such as the United States Senate, each state regardless of the size and number of people were a state, two votes, so it can be used as a mechanism for minority against the majority. Another fight against the U.S. democratic system is the Justice system. judges are not elected but appointed by the President, and the implementation of security of tenure. The judge is against the public opinion, so some people say that America is freedom of speech, this is not absolute. Republicans and Democracy is a big difference.
early success of the UK is a republican system, the success of the constitutional system. With such a system can limit the opportunism of those in power. Only the limits on the government's opportunism, and economic can be developed. This is the British developed a root cause. France was a dictatorship, and in politics is the rule of man. say it is is a feature of despotism, as a democratically elected government is not afraid to income tax too high, otherwise people will rebel. and a democratic government but will levy high taxes. Therefore, the development of Britain and France was an important distinction that is, the British government average tax rate is much higher than France, but Britain's tax laws are fair. In France there are many people who can not pay taxes, such as aristocracy. and in the United Kingdom, any person must pay taxes. precisely because tax law does not fair, so the average tax rate in France is much lower than the UK, it can not afford to engage in large-scale public utilities. Relationship Between Officials at the British called Today, talking about constitutional economics, political economy inside. The first feature is the king's financial and fiscal is separate from the state. There is also a ruling party of Britain was the financial and state finances are separate from the ruling party When in power can not engage in profitable business. rules of the game is unable to go directly to the game, so to speak, the bread must not acquire a cake person, not a conflict of interest with others.
North and Wenger Seoul in a paper to make a point, that is, the success of the British Industrial Revolution is not a purely economic phenomenon, but the Glorious Revolution of 1688 established the above said, such a set of constitutional rules of the game. This government is limited to opportunistic behavior lived, the people will follow the reduction of opportunism, so the industrial revolution will happen in the UK. policies first day and the fifth not the same, is the national opportunism. only in the constitutional system, the government be fair. For example the patent system, it is not public-private distinction, the Government is completely neutral; there is the common law provides for automatic registration system, that is, the right to protect the remaining system of private enterprise. These inventions can make money, so greatly promoted the development of technology commercialization and technological progress. With these, will have the industrial revolution. And when the French always emphasized the Government's science and technology award system is to determine the award by the government who who does not reward, which hinders its technology commercialization.
curse on those who will
this we can infer that in the 20th century, relying on state-owned enterprises, authoritarian system and the central planning can never be successful industrialization. However, with the former Soviet Union in the 1930s but autocracy, state-owned enterprises and central planning, by imitating the successful industrialization model of capitalism and technology to achieve the industrialization. The short-term success, had to Hayek and Mises, who has been greatly criticized, but today we see that it also makes the Russian system of constitutional government and rule of law has no solid infrastructure built. the Russian people to pay a high price. not only damage the long-term economic development, many people have even been persecuted to death. This is a post Disadvantages of examples.
also compared the development of North and South America. South America's resources are abundant, but has been in the position of developing countries, North America's resource-poor, but it is the world's most developed areas. It was this attributed to three reasons. First, countries in North America are large local authority; and South America as a just place a tax base, local self-government of the weak, it is difficult to develop. Second, North America is a Protestant country, South America is a Catholic country, cultural differences led to different economic development. Recently, an economist at Harvard University, through a regression analysis, but also reached a similar conclusion that the Catholic Church and with the corresponding the impact on economic development of common law is negative, while the Christian and the mainland with this method corresponds to the impact of economic development is positive. North have come to similar conclusions. Third, the implementation of the federal system in North America, and South America to implement a single system. It also involves unfair distribution. South America, the Gini coefficient is the highest in the world, reaching 0.6 ~ 0.7.
Recently, many historians have such a verdict, in the 18th and 19th century France, the production is a small number of aristocratic class service, which is characterized the average person can not afford, which makes the market size is very small, and thus high production costs, efficiency is very low. And then the British production is to serve the public, so the market size, low cost. Therefore, unequal distribution of income is hindering economic development. Some people say that income distribution is inevitable in developing countries, this view is worth reflecting, as they relate to good capitalism and bad capitalism points. At the same time income distribution and economic development are also reinforce each other in the sense that income distribution makes the rapid economic development, economic development, equitable distribution of income fast and makes. This is good capitalism. then and Disadvantages of capitalism with a bad lot.
face after China Disadvantages
80 to 90 years of last century in China, with state-owned (government), a joint venture (joint officials and businessmen), the contract system (Government Commerce), Hong Kong and Taiwan through the imitation of labor-intensive export-oriented new product imitation of Western models of industrialization and a large number of new technology to achieve industrialization, has been quite successful. the lessons from Russia, we can see, this short-term success, they might be replace the system of reform, resulting in high long-term costs.
example of home appliance industry in China is also very telling. Shang century, 80 the development of Chinese home appliance industry is basically dominated by state-owned enterprises, this process is a typical use of technology imitation instead of the process of reform. complete sets of equipment imported technical imitation, not to engage in imitation of privatization is to use technology instead of reform. a government monopoly banking, insurance, automobile manufacturing, telecommunications, and with the imitation of new technologies and the management of capitalism method to replace the system reform is the Disadvantages of China. This the Disadvantages of the most important shortcomings of state-owned enterprises are not inefficient, but the institutionalization of national opportunism, the Government only when the referee, and when one player. In this system, the efficiency of state-owned enterprises, the more negative long-term economic development.
China, several other examples of the Disadvantages of e-commerce, stock and futures markets. China's stock market has caught up with the hardware even more than Hong Kong, It is strictly a private company public, not to private companies the license to open securities companies, so the stock market to become shareholders of the vampire to the inefficient state-owned companies to supplement the tools. with people's words, End of bank shareholders to eat. business, many people believe that China's Internet economy has the advantage, but I do believe that electronic commerce has the Disadvantages of China, just look at most Internet companies are state-owned companies or joint ventures, we can easily understand this. Westernization Movement in the joint venture is called can not be universal, and that the two are the main form of e-commerce payments, without which the development of e-commerce How? So today the government monopoly in China would like the case of banking and credit industry, obtained the advantage of e-commerce is not possible. China in the last century, also consider themselves 50 years in the electronics industry has the advantage, the results Overtaking history of the rhetoric has become a joke. then in the electronics industry in Japan and China about the same, but by an honest study of capital capitalist system has become industrialized nations. the Second World War, the U.S. military occupation authorities in Japan drafted a constitutional doctrine (not the unlimited power of government institutionalized Soviet-style) of the Constitution (adopted by referendum), the Congress and through fair competition method, the dissolution of the monopoly of private chaebol (under U.S. pressure), the formation of the economic situation in the Warring States disputes. in the Constitution the principle of private property is inviolable and success of the patent system has become the driving force of Japan.
when I visited Pudong, After China has a sense of depth Disadvantages. Pudong's export processing zone, 85% of the enterprises is their land and other resources monopoly, and direct foreign and Chinese private enterprises for profit. most free economy is the export processing zone government lease, provide services, usually do not venture. In a free economy, private enterprise joint venture with the Government rarely voluntary, and the export processing zone, Pudong government is to use .
I understand that the Korean financial crisis, an important reason why private banks the government appointed chairman of the holding and the privilege. The financial crisis has focused on the reform of the outdated system, which abolished the government-controlled and assigned a large private Chairman of the privilege. But, I heard a lot of Chinese people, but they appreciate the system of South Korea's large companies, said China's state-owned enterprises also engage in a group of companies. but I understand the fact that South Korea South Korea's large companies are mostly private companies, with most banks is similar to China's Minsheng Bank's private bank. reform, such as banks like Minsheng Bank chairman appointed by the Government. It is the prerogative of the government financial crisis One of the reasons. I also hear that the Government Office in Pudong hi-tech venture capital firms do, is surprised, not even venture that most governments have chosen to do the government do, and in order to implement the government's industrial policy (British economic development of the characteristics of a successful industrial policy is no), latecomer in China shows how serious disadvantage. Now we are talking about into the WTO, how the national industry will be hit. As Weiying said, if the combat is the state-owned enterprises, it is possible the Chinese economy is good news. Many people believe that China's auto industry is not competitive, but they did not find out, there is no competitive state-owned Chinese auto industry, rather than the private automobile industry in China. I believe If the limits of private banking and the automotive industry regulation was abolished, China will be in 10 years, the world's largest manufacturer of its own private car. to see a private company everywhere in China, ; >
2004 年 7 7, 9:49 pm Beijing time, an outstanding Chinese economist, Professor Yang Xiaokai resigned from the world, at the age of 56 years old. < br> been in ten years in prison, never went to college Ph.D., founded the international school, a Christian, a single element may be nothing special, from these elements, the.
Xiaokai .1948 legendary life, the Xiaokai was born in Jilin Dun, Xi Yang, the scientific name of light, nicknames Oscar .16 years old, Xiaokai involved in a special way then the At that time he wrote an article entitled prison through his own youth. We do not know, then how to overcome youth Xiaokai is depressed and the fear of the unknown future, but the only thing we can see that Xiaokai is able to overcome adversity, through the worship time also held in prison for two dozen professors, engineers for the division, Xiaokai learning in mathematics, English, mechanical and mechanical. His genius was reflected also in this period, through repeated reading the three shortcomings of the labor theory of value, which the germination of the idea of classical economics to transform the future of the Lagrangian to derive the The Xiaokai directly admitted to the Academy of Social Sciences in 1980, the number of graduate .1982 Economic Research, the graduate had just graduated from the Wuhan University for graduate students to the professor of mathematical economics and economic cybernetics. In the recommendation of renowned economist Mao Yushi, Xiaokai rapidly Published on mathematical economics and economic cybernetics three monographs.
as a famous scholar, Xiaokai maybe this life is enough. But the fate of the genius of Xiaokai compensation does not therefore meet the Chongs among Xiaokai know the famous Chinese economist, Princeton University Professor Chow (G-Chow), Chow Xiaokai particularly appreciated the experience in econometric studies of natural events, he went to Springs in 1983 Washington universities. In the house of the Nobel Prize winner Steve Nash (Nash, the famous the world's elite, under the tutelage of international trade honor Xiaokai top players Dixit, Grossman, and received his Ph.D. in 1988. then Xiaokai to Australia Monash (Monash) university professor and less a year rose by the instructor Senior lecturer, was appointed professor in 1992. need to add that, in the Monash University Department of Economics, lecturer evaluation of teachers should be top 50 in the international journal of economics published in two papers at least, senior lecturer to 5, and 10 to associate professor, professor you must present the area of research the world's top five. from Ph.D. to full professor, Xiaokai only four years, so the characters can you say 不是 genius? < br> Xiaokai also served as the Australian Academy of Social Sciences, increasing returns and economic organizations Research Center. His paper appeared in Classical Economics and marginal analysis and the theory of super-being known as the Nobel laureate in economics, Buchanan's economics of today's most important research results. Jeffery - Comments Xiaokai Sachs said, work, Xiaokai for reconstruction based on Adam - Smith's basic insight into the general equilibrium economic analysis. This insight is: In essence, the division of labor is the driving force behind economic development and growth. Xiaokai contribution to economics.
also accompanied by brilliant doom, Purgatory early destruction of his body, the research work and sleepless nights to Xiaokai insufficient to support the body of his great ideas, he began to believe in Christianity, daily prayers .2001 September, his entire right lung is stiff, and speech very difficult. Xiaokai prayer may be moved by God, a miracle happened, the body Xiaokai turnaround of the situation actually was even swimming, tennis and even sailing. But the fate of the cycle or continue to run according to its own path, Xiaokai prayer wheel of destiny can only make a little slow about it, the beginning of 2004, Xiaokai who was diagnosed with cancer again patronize Xiaokai disappeared, this time he no longer luck, then went to Los Angeles for treatment Xiaokai, but to everything The Fall of the star can not save .7 7 May, he died Sashourenhuan.
Tianduyingcai?
Tianduyingcai!
time can erase everything, but we will not forget the legend Xiaokai !
with: Dr. Yang Xiaokai About
Xiaokai: 1988 was awarded a Ph.D. in economics from Princeton University, at Harvard University Center for International Development (CID) researcher, Professor of Economics at Monash University, Australia, Australia Social Sciences Academy of Sciences. His paper found in Journal of anonymous reviewers. He and Wong Yau together with the Recent new work, up a new field. Yes, I'm predictable, people interested in new classical economics, the rapid rise, I think it is likely to become the wave of the future. work Bilukasi (Lucas), Romer (Romer), Krugman (Krugman) is much better. Arrow, another Nobel Prize winner praised Yang's research to make Adam. Smith on the division of labor Coase's transaction cost theory and muddy as a whole.
more life
Xiaokai: Australian Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Professor
Organization: Department of Economics, Monash University, Australia Experience

December 1999: Visiting Professor, Peking University Guanghua School of Management;
1998 年 1 month - now: Institute for International Development at Harvard University and Harvard University, member of the International Development Research Centre;
1993 年 1 month - now: Mona even senior lecturer in economics at the University, Professor;
1987 年 -1998 years: Yale University Economic Research Center;
1996 年 12 月 -1997 in February: China Taiwan Institute of Economic Research Academy Visiting Fellow.
Academic Degree
1988 in the United States in economics from Princeton University, his Ph.D. in 1981, the number of economics in the direction of Chinese Academy of Social obtained a master's degree in Wuhan University in 1979 BS in Mathematics (equivalent). Main research areas

mathematical economics, international trade and economic growth, economic growth, micro-economics, institutional economics, industrial organization theory.
main results
1, New Classical Economics and Neoclassical Economics > 5,
10, - Xiaokai
Hayek on the impact of human thought and Confucian thought might be thinking of the impact of the Chinese people as far-reaching and pervasive. I am a thinking person has a unique economic, Nobel laureate in economics for all there is no sense from the worship of several of them I think they are worthy of honor is hard to say. And I was on the scientific method have a hobby of people, those who never thought of non-mathematical importance. but I read Hayek after work (he is a mathematical model from economists do not), there is a strong Brief Encounter, feeling very much appreciated. I tell myself not clear why this has never been the feeling, but I believe Most people read his books, view of the world will have in-depth changes in the bone marrow. Let me record the books I read Hayek's thoughts to share with readers.
Hayek's critique of socialist ideology Today, most Chinese people and the criticism of socialist ideas are very different. Today, most of the criticism of socialist Chinese, mostly from the socialist economic efficiency is not high after the implementation of focus on the. And Hayek critique of socialism The focus is the formation mechanism of the system. Hayek that the system of a free society is a spontaneous process, no one intends to design the whole social system. Therefore, the formation of such a system is the thousands of people compete with each other, interact results, so this system includes the spontaneous formation of all known information with each other, but also makes the competitive process can not monopolize the system design and formation mechanism, and can not use this monopoly to seek benefits for itself, so the synthesis of information information transfer process Huiqiang minimize the distortion.
the socialist system is the world's first community by some thinkers the overall design of a system, it is not spontaneously formed in a competitive process. Therefore, It contains information on the amount of information known by the limitations of a thinker, not hundreds of millions of people interact, the integrated use of different information.
Hayek, a free society with a socialist country differences, first in a free society, system and order is spontaneously formed, can not be designed by a few thinkers. Second, the system of a free society are some rules of the game, it only rules of the game is just making judgments. the socialist characteristics of the community on who should be the winner but what should be a society in the pursuit of specific objectives. Therefore, the socialist system, there will always be some people's desire to impose their social others. Just think, if a ball game who is not scheduled before the game is the winner, which also He Gongping competition to speak of? a free society does not necessarily destroy the socialist system and the implementation of the provisions of the capitalist system, only some of the competition rules of the game, the spontaneous development of the system consensus based on fair rules, as is socialism or capitalism, or other systems to win, is a thing no one can predict.
I read Hayek's book had an idea before, socialism and capitalism The difference between the capitalist system is not the difference between planned and unplanned. capitalist economy in the socialist planned economy more than than, for example, headquarters of McDonald's operations have many of the stores mandatory program. but the fundamental difference is that in capitalist society, the rights plan is a voluntary initiative by program trading and the formation of a socialist society, but the plan is to force the formation of the government monopoly. At that time I did not read Hayek's book, but look his book, it was found, he thought the idea of covering me, on reflection, I probably read Friedman's book and others, between the accepted ideas of Hayek. take a look at Hu Ping, etc. people talked about the socialist economy as a visible hand, so when the economy to a market economy that, people will not voluntarily accept the punishment of the market, resulting in the difficulties of reform. people will read the book Hayek found that these ideas are his pioneering.
Hayek pointed out that in a free economy, rules of the game is fair, so the enforcement rules of the game will be very effective, people can not lose, do not admit defeat, because the market is only the invisible hand, can not debate with them, can not resist its punishment, punishment can not blame any other person. But the socialist system there is only the visible hand to perform the incentive, the loser always a way find government, complaining about reward and punishment is unfair or unreasonable. Therefore, the rules of the game can not be enforced, or the said budget constraints are always soft. Under such conditions, fair competition in the game can not play together.
Kazakhstan In fact, Hayek's ideological and economic circles of economic rationality as called for in the mainstream school wrong way round. the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as the representative to send so-called scientific method, emphasizing the application of mathematical methods, assuming that the behavior of rational economic man can maximize the problem solving mathematical , rational behavior of economic interaction between people can use general equilibrium or game theory (or game theory, game theory) to solve. Many well-known economist of this school are often keen to prove a mathematical model of ; and the need for government intervention. In addition to economic rationality as a call to a number of economists, a mathematical model to prove the superiority of the invisible hand. Hayek's thought and these ideas are different. He stressed that the economic rationality Superstition may lead to the failure of the economic system. In fact, human knowledge is limited, for what reason, what is irrational, in many cases can not judge, or will make wrong judgments. the world seems a lot of common sense non-rational behavior, perhaps the knowledge of human society to contribute. For example, many bankrupt companies to provide for the success of the necessary experience. Therefore, we had better give up the pursuit of economic rationality, admitted ignorance on economic rationality , which Zhishizhuiqiu fair rules of the game, accept the rules of the game appeared in something whether it is the rational, or irrational.
I was a keen model (including game theory model) and new scientific methods of economics home. But, my hunch, I think the non-mathematical Hayek's economic thinking, the best economy than the existing model is much more profound. Maybe model the accumulation of several generations, we can use very complex advanced strict proof of the mathematical tools imaginary Hayek. Unfortunately, the mathematical model is now the most skilled group of economists, in my opinion is very shallow thinking group of people. more's the pity is that of mathematics in economic Science Applications, inevitably go through a gradual from the shallow to the profound and the accumulation process.
I was trying to prove Hayek mathematical ideas. I recently published a book Professor Huang Youguang ( See Yang and Ng, Specialization and Economic Organjzation, 1993, North-Holland), in Chapter 15 with a mathematical model shows that fully rational behavior in the absence of sufficient knowledge, may not be through a variety of organizations experiment (including the test is not the most effective organization) found that the most effective organization. Thus, in the absence of sufficient knowledge, certain non-rational behavior may help society find the most effective organization. Chapter 3 in the book, we use a sequential measures equilibrium model shows that the function of the market system does not allow everyone to share all information; the contrary, the market system will promote the professional result of information asymmetry, which makes the people do not need to know other professional knowledge, but it can enjoy all the professional sector products. Thus, the function of the market is, when everyone knew the whole community a very small part of the information, people able to take full advantage of all parts of this collection of information. This is the essence of Hayek's thought. click here kinds of thinking, if a person or government that claims to get the information society as a whole, which saw the Hayek developed the modern system of one of the most important criticism is the question of legislative power of Congress. He believes that the Congress legislation comprises two parts, one with the relevant rules of the game, such as the adoption of the Patent Law; the other is and   What about, for example, through the Environmental Protection Act. Hayek that, the last part should be the policy of the Administration, and not to the Lifa. the activities of these two sections should be separate and should not be done by a Lifajiguan. Its reason is that the legislature should not be concerned about society's common goal, and should be concerned about the impartiality rules of the game; As for those who attended the game on the different objectives, it is not ...