Large panoramic sweep under the Soviet Union
mm objective visual history of
1991 to re-examine just the summer school, we heard the news of the Soviet Union split. Due to the mainland has always been on the political news is not conducive to blocking attitude, we only know that one probably does not know the details. However, the changes in Eastern Europe, as well as events in China in 1989, had been our feeling that, when the U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles's prediction has become a reality. But No one expected, one of the world's two giants, according to Mao's argument is that the Soviet superpower, with its powerful military forces and the Iron Curtain-like rule, has not been able to sustain the Union as a socialist Big Brother existence. to make him one night to fall apart, lasted only seventy years, not even the Yuan Empire, such as. Facts have proved that, with the power to maintain the regime, the dictatorship of tools by using lies and enslaving the people. He was the oppressive political and cronyism long line of corrupt officials caused, he can not cover up the cover name for the people but the actual home of the world operates in real terms. Once the command of the iron curtain of political authority figures are not, shake the basis of that right from the heart in the early tired of complaining and cast aside for the people of this regime, it will make him like an iceberg, as the collapse of melting in the sun. In this sense, the collapse of the Soviet Union, in the unexpected, but also within reason.
1964 years Khrushchev leave out the occasion of his colleagues were in Moscow to the central committee meeting suddenly elevated. the Great Patriotic War Red Army political commissar of the tenth, Brezhnev Politburo Standing Committee, presided over the Prime Minister of Foreign Affairs of things Ke Golden West, the United bunch of theoretical power 威苏斯洛夫 Central Committee, by an overwhelming majority, demanded that Khrushchev be on retirement. back to the Cuban missile crisis because of hasty decision-making, capacity see the humble, and lose the trust of people in the Khrushchev hopeless situation, had to hand over the scepter. Soviet Union entered the Brezhnev era. and it's a real recession has started in this era.
This is an ideology of the Soviet Union, the backbone of a socialist family countries. But 苏共二十大 absolute authority of leaders critical of peace grow into communism, denying the armed revolution, the path of the move to seize power, with China being the leaders of the growing cult of personality, and gradually enlarged the class struggle contravene the principle; and because the will of both sides of the original leaders of personality conflicts, resentment of the Soviet Communist China has long been the best in the world I say and deep dissatisfaction with itself. All this eventually led to the division of the international communist movement. in the Soviet Union from Controversy developed into a unique identity of each and the development of armed border conflict. to 1969, the Ussuri River in Xinjiang iron Lieke Ti Treasure Island event and the event of armed conflict is most intense.
in this new international situation, the the Soviet Union had to modify their strategies, in addition to the Warsaw Pact Organization against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, in order to maintain Europe's interests, but also in the East, stepping up Union North Korea, Vietnam, and stationed a million troops on the Sino-Soviet border. To the world, to maintain and the US-led Western countries, the strategic balance, and the head start in space, in a leading position. Soviet military spending had increased again, and has invested heavily in the heavy industry field, the field of strategic materials and the space industry. In this way, the entire national economy, the Soviet Union imbalance in the. livelihood has been repeatedly ignored. and industry, agriculture and other livelihood-related business, the serious shortage of investment funds, extensive management, and no synchronization can be developed. but seriously lagging behind, declining living standards, rights-centered, No individual will and freedom. official name of the class struggle under the banner can be arbitrary rampant, corrupt, employing the pro, official corruption, the people of their savings in power long-suppressed resentment, it can only fire in the form of a ground operation in the ground, waiting for the timing of changes in the earth's crust, to the fury of the volcano eruption.
1972, the third India-Pakistan war. Dongba seek independence by India, Pakistan sent troops to intervene in matters. by the West against the East attack strategy, sub-four attack Dongba, followed by naval and airborne forces. East Pakistan defeated and surrendered, the fall of Dhaka. In India, established under the support of Bangladesh. West had the name of the existence of Pakistan, but has not the original meaning of Pakistan. subcontinent situation changes that affect the strategic situation in Asia. superpower in the region should remain there. especially the Soviet Union, adjacent to Iran, West Pakistan, especially the political situation in Afghanistan is related to the various parts of the Soviet Union in Central Asia The security situation in the republics. in the United States focused their attention on Iran and Pakistan, while the Soviet Union closely, and they have long since Afghanistan border to .1966, the number of pro-Soviet Afghan political leaders, such as caramel, Tala Ji Amin and so strong in the Soviet Union 1967 out of gang Ma Chengli Le favor Daoud, an agent of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. But Daoud ambitions of the Soviet Union soon had doubts began to alienate the Soviet Union, and with trying to improve relations between Western and Islamic countries on 1 .1977 month, Daoud announced the cancellation of the people of the Democratic Party, the caramel of the based faction reunited. the combined People's Democratic Party, actively planning to overthrow Daoud government. Dawood insight into their conspiracy, the act decisively, the Tala Ji, Amin and caramel rounded up, thrown into prison. However, the fate of Afghanistan has been reversed at this time on April 28 .1978, the Soviet Union instigated the pro-Soviet tank crews and the Air Force deputy commander of the Kargil Wadansheer commander, who launched a military coup, killing Daoud family. military coup by a group of armored vehicles from the caramel out of prison robbery, the Revolutionary Committee of Afghanistan put together. So, Tala Ji either party's chairman and president, prime minister, Amin, also mixed with caramel and Deputy Vice-Chairman president. The three favorites for power struggle, struggled, Caramel was losing ground, reduced to the Ambassador in Czechoslovakia. Later, the Soviet Union and the United match Tala Ji and caramel, you want to get rid of disobedient Amin, do not want to be anti- Amin succeeded, so did the Soviet Union to help the people of the Democratic Party to consolidate political power in the name of maintaining social stability. scaled invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. caramel finally climbed up the top spot in Afghanistan, but he is just a puppet, unavoidably , had to listen to Soviet advisers, even his private bodyguards, health practitioners, chefs are , Muslims of all sects and tribes are beginning to take up arms against the Soviet invasion, and also declared war on the regime to the caramel. Muslim guerrillas four activities against the Soviet invaders and the army. factionalism within the government but also, and made caramel badly battered, had intended to shoot himself failed. March 1982, the People's Democratic Party The spirit of the pillars collapsed in June from bedridden In 1986, the Soviet Union get rid of the infamous Caramel, put the young pro-Soviet Najibullah, in a bid to strengthen the control of Afghanistan. However, things wishful thinking is not the direction toward the Soviet Union.
beginning of the war, the Soviet Union adopted the quick fix strategy, with advantages of advanced weapons and troops, to Afghanistan to destroy the resistance forces in one fell swoop. but because of the resistance forces in Afghanistan and the Soviet Union based on favorable terrain mountain Army deal to make the Soviet trade-off, exhausted. the Soviet Union roller The move is seen as the first step in the march to the Persian Gulf. In a televised speech broadcast to the nation, U.S. President Jimmy Carter said the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, b is the most serious since the end of World War II crisis.
Of course, Americans do not talk directly to troops fighting the Soviet army, because that has the potential to escalation of the war. However, the Soviet guerrillas in Afghanistan, has encountered strong resistance. because, since ancient times, the land of Afghanistan, out-of-the-way place to Qiongshan has been the burial of foreign conquerors, from Alexander the Great to Queen Victoria, the foreign occupiers, without exception, stumbled in here. Afghan guerrillas despite the weapons and equipment is poor, but brave battle, and many people even took the farm tools and to participate in the 19th century guerrilla warfare rifle.
American guerrilla war from Afghanistan to prevent the Soviet forces in the south to see the dawn of the Persian Gulf. The U.S. government established an Afghan guerrillas through Pakistan to provide weapons to the channel, but also transfer to the Afghan guerrilla fighters your country is to destroy your faith, which aroused the devout Muslims in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union's hatred. the war in Afghanistan, the United States to Afghan guerrillas sent about 50 billion U.S. dollars of weapons, including shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles and anti-tank guns.
the United States in Afghanistan, the anti-Soviet guerrilla organization to become a global Islamic jihad, some radical Muslims come from Arab countries, to defend their faith, and fight alongside the Afghans. the twenty-first century, the famous terrorist leader Mullah Omar, bin Laden is one of the b best. some Muslim major oil producing countries such as Saudi Arabia has called on the U.S. response, sent large sums of dollars to the Afghan guerrillas supported Islamic guerrillas in order to ensure no shortage of funds.
decade guerrilla war depleted the financial resources of the Soviet Union in 1989, the Soviet Union finally decided to withdraw from Afghanistan, which has become the prelude to the disintegration of the Soviet Union itself.
the invasion of Afghanistan in 1980, Moscow Olympics, has changed became one of the largest ever against the State Games. This is an unprecedented decline in the influence of the Soviet Union, and the sign of the decline of the socialist New Empire.
1982, the Brezhnev died. As such the power of socialist countries The status of tenure and the fact that hereditary elite. In Brezhnev did not give his chosen successor in the case of reliable, inheritance, and control of power is a very intense competition. Of course, high in the party, only rely on strength, experience, reputation, status, to order sorting. as KGB chairman of fifteen years, since 1973 to enter the Politburo Andropov became the first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. He recognized that the Soviet Union at this stage only the historical stage of socialism a new starting point. . However, God did not give him life. high-frail in his sick bed Zhanzhuan more than a year, and finally in February 9, 1984 death. reigned only four months a year.
increased by serial , the former CPSU Central Committee General Affairs, 1978, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee Politburo member Chernenko succeeded. He is a conservative Manhan bureaucracy, the incumbent is only ten months to 74 years old, to the red walls of the Soviet Union senior leaders to report to the cemetery. the Soviet Union into frequent changes in leadership, platform volatile fluctuating.
1985 年 3 11, supported by Andropov, secretary of the CPC Central Committee was elected in 1980, born in Sri Lanka Taff Luo Boer border peasant family, attend the legal profession Gorbachev came to power, Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union entered the period.
54-year-old Gorbachev is a reformer. However, he bureaucratic system to the fore, although the drastic reform, his inauguration, he replaced the 15 state and government leaders, but he does not fundamentally change this packing the wrong end of the bureaucratic system, access to the privileged state bureaucracy based on the general support of the bureaucracy mm. He began to reform because of the lack of a broad-based, general support and trust of the people to be trapped in an isolated, passive, unable to extricate themselves, save themselves at risk. Although, he clearly recognized that international environment and the new world situation, against nuclear proliferation, against the arms race and Cold War efforts to eliminate, to the theme of peaceful development. and on this basis in the Soviet Union proposed the implementation of political democracy, public administration, and new thinking. To this end, he supported the Soviet Union since the twenties of the twentieth century and injustices of the rehabilitated, but also Bukharin, Rykov, Zinoviev, Kamenev and a series of important historical figures in order to innocence. He put forward the public criticism of Stalin and Brezhnev period errors for the country and the world of peaceful coexistence of different ideologies. But all these efforts because there is no broad social base, effective enforcement team and finally come to nothing. Some of the old system was overthrown, the new mechanism has not effectively established, the Soviet economy into a loss of spin phase, and the verge of collapse. the lack of trust of the people support the economic base and the passive situation, the attempt by Gorbachev's political reforms promote economic reform. the rule of the former Soviet Union to shake the entire foundation. shanks are not considered with the ruling party, but have plan to protect their vested interests, the situation changes in the future to get their new position and rights. However, the Ge Geoff Alba can not understand this situation and their situation. that by virtue of the authority of the General Secretary will be able to implement their new ideas, and promote political democracy In 1988 June, he presided over the Soviet Communist Party congress held in the nineteenth , to discuss the party and the further democratization of social life problems, decided to establish a system of people's representatives in the spring of .1989, the meeting decided according to the selection of elected representatives of the people out of a permanent Supreme Soviet legislature mm. Gorbachev's election as President, Luki Stoyanov was elected Vice-Chairman. And just then, Eastern Europe, led by Poland, have changed dramatically.
1989, due to the political objectives of the Communist Party of Eastern European countries increasingly unpopular, and Eastern European countries, the fall of the communist regime after another. the Soviet Government of the Republic of the franchise To follow the example of Eastern European countries also have the intention of independence from the Soviet Union. auspices of and advocate for the people of this division is not a trend, but the actual Communist Party of the border province, the republic's first secretary of the President or the Supreme Soviet. The actual , they may not really believed in communism, they had preached the ideal, they just climb and struggle for power as a political tool. Once this tool is no longer able to meet the desires of their rights, political, and the ultimate goal attempt, they will have to abandon it, finding new ways, with the national trend and separation requirements of the people to achieve democracy in their new location and the rights of a smooth transition. The first, based on the totalitarian political discontent and resentment of the people just to vent anger mob to require they should have the right to minimum security and living standards. Of course, do not deny that border the national dissatisfaction with the large ethnic Russian chauvinism, style, tendency to seek the separation of national independence. This is a trend in Eastern countries, a types of national sentiments, the United rely on overseas expansion and the economic, democracy, openness, freedom, development prospects are expanding territory, the increase in the number of America under the command of the state. The European Economic Community Development to seek from the United reunification. However, these weak Eastern nation, are interested in national independence, national division, that is not so, you can not find a the national liberation and the future. actually weaken the strength again and again, right in the world pattern, the weak and poor and, increasingly irrelevant. Gorbachev's mistake was : ruling party is relying on the Soviet Union, not the people's elected, he can board the general secretary, and even the president's throne. left the party's support, or the party's position was severely weakened. Gorbachev will be the loner . because he's the right form of government, not based on people's full support, trust and support on top, but on top of the dictatorship and the gun. So, leave the gun and the dictatorship of the tools he is nothing.
Soviet Union is a multi-ethnic country, coalition building, in order to win over the participation of the Union republics, the ethnic minorities. the Soviet Union over the implementation of a policy of preferential treatment of minorities. and, like China, ethnic minorities in the constitutional framework, entitled much more than the subject of national welfare policy and benefits. The majority leader of the Soviet Union, not Russia, but also from other ethnic groups. Stalin was Georgian, Khrushchev, Brezhnev is Ukrainian. main ethnic Russian Politically, they are being discriminated against on the welfare status. But from another perspective, in addition to Ukraine, Belarus, only Russia has the largest and most abundant mineral resources, human resources, geographical advantages. Therefore, the fifteen republics of the actual management personnel, and are mostly Russian. For the nationalists, this situation hurt their national pride and confidence in their self-reliance. contributed to the separation of their emotions. When the Soviet Union accounted for 50% of the population of Russians, with 75% of the Soviet land. the remaining 50% of the population, with only 25% of the land. And the Russians out of their own resources to share with this family of nations, while they get fair treatment and equal citizenship, the founding of the early support from the Alliance for the Reunification of the heart in this nation, no longer pinned hopes on the Soviet Union, there are feelings, and begin to feel the division does not matter to him. The tendency of converging to a national trend of separation, it jointly contributed to the Soviet Union split. from the top, from the grassroots level synthesis of the two forces, the army from their own national interests, not the right mechanism featuring guns, and tend to remain neutral. The so-called matter of course. is the inevitable collapse of the Soviet Union the.
weakening of centralized, the actual interest of the republic expanded to more value their own rights, territory, territory. and sloppy political reform, and the latent ethnic tensions surface. Originally, the joining of the Republic no strict boundaries, many national miscellaneous place. Now, in order to get rid of ethnic discrimination in different places, the minority wants to return to their own nation as the main body of the country, in order to achieve psychological balance. This national psychology, it causes a certain ethnic subject region, out of this is a national, refuge to the general maternal psychological state. And the refuge in the process, it becomes a border unrest and ethnic tensions rose sharply motivation. has become the Soviet Union split the fuse. to Armenians is satisfied the main Al Gore in - originally Karabakh Autonomous republic of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijani long pursued in the state policy of discrimination against the Armenian people, less construction investment in the region, the slow development of the leaders of the state as required by the Azerbaijani people, these factors make the two playing the blame game between ethnic groups. In addition, Muslim Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Christians, and religious beliefs but also deepened the estrangement and antagonism between the two nations. m satisfied living in the Armenian Carolina, often by the support from Armenia Azerbaijan this extreme dissatisfaction. Thus, the state became satisfied that m cards birthplace of friction In 1988, a referendum requires the state belong to Armenia. was sternly refused to Azerbaijan. in the protracted dispute, triggered a two join Republic of large-scale strikes, demonstrations and petitions. to January 1990, for their own interests, between large-scale armed conflict broke out. The central government had intervened, and placed in the center of the state under special control. the Soviet Union split this started. this impact, the three Baltic independence set off a wave of the first. Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, strictly speaking, not voluntary join the Soviet Union the first nation-state. World War II Before the war troubles Stalin to lead the West, with France and Germany signed a nonaggression treaty, according to secret Agreement attached to a non-aggression treaty, to establish across from the Baltic to the Black Sea , while the Germans west, and swept Northern Europe, defeated the French, British and French had been unable to care for the favorable opportunity of the East, beneficiary of the Soviet Union. the first to provoke a war between Russia and Finland, the originally Finnish Karelia Isthmus with Vyborg City assigned to the newly formed Soviet Union Karelian Autonomous Republic, Finland b, this will be over the border 150 km to the northwest of the ease of defense zone. Subsequently, the Soviet troops occupied the western Ukraine. will be occupied Poland, east of the Curzon Line map of the territory assigned to the Soviet Union. Western Ukraine into the Ukrainian Republic, the Republic of Belarus .1940 West Belarus into the Soviet Union, and instigated the pro-Soviet Baltic three political uprising, sent troops to coordinate, support these parties, the establishment of Lithuania, Latvia, love Sha Liya three Soviet state, and it joined the Soviet Union, constitute a defense of the Soviet Baltic, Central, Circle. In the same year, according to the requirements of the Soviet government, the Royal Government of Romania to cede Bessarabia and northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union. Bisa La Shakespeare attribution in most parts of the Autonomous Republic of Moldavia, and soon to join the Autonomous Republic of the Republic, incorporated into the Soviet Union. Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia was placed in parts of Ukraine. At this point, the Soviet Union joined with 16 Republic, increase of about 120 million square kilometers of territory. World War II, the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries signed a series of border treaty, except for some minor adjustments, basically confirmed the pre-war Soviet Union acquired the land. Today, under the influence of changes in Eastern Europe, the people of these countries and regions, requiring out of the iron curtain of politics, restoration of human rights, to democracy is growing and for national independence from Union constraints, and the Soviet Union itself in the international political environment and economic environment as possible. Baltic countries 30 years in the 20th century, economic development and living standards and the Nordic countries such as Finland, Sweden is almost the same, and since incorporated into the USSR after the late 80s, has a far cry from the Nordic countries. Three people that They joined the Soviet Union, but a great misfortune, but also hate the other republics dug their wealth, dragged their feet, so the vicious separatist tendencies of national expansion. Baltic countries to the alliance the first to launch an attack, this is a very important reason . August 23, 1989, three million people pull up a human chain against the 1939 Soviet-German non-aggression treaty, demanding that Russia withdraw from the three Baltic countries were in March .1990, three referendum, independence from the Soviet Union. In the economic The Soviet Government has been badly battered, had no time to interfere with such independence. In fact such a fait accompli with the default.
the face of the domestic one after another, after another wave of ethnic conflicts and independence, the Union more and more into a passive central position, in the appeared to be inadequate when dealing with ethnic issues. have to find new ways to solve these complicated contradictions and problems.
1990 年 6 months, Gorbachev proposed in the Federal Council meeting of the Union to reform the old system, a new stressed the need President, Chairman of the House of Peoples, including the head of the Republic of the Preparatory Committee to draft a new Union treaty.
after nearly six months of deliberation, November 23, the new publication of the draft Treaty of Union, for national discussion. Its main contents are: 1, the Soviet Union was the voluntary association formed by the Republic of the , amending and supplementing the Constitution of the USSR Union market conditions determined by the Soviet Union and the Republic of .3, the Supreme Soviet of the league provides the highest legislative body, the President as head of state led coalition, set up under the leadership of President, including Vice President, composed of the heads of the Federal Council of the Republic, the President and the Supreme coordinated under the Soviet form a cabinet.
draft treaty after the announcement of the new Union, the republic has been mixed. Some of the Republic (such as the Central Asian countries) due to historical reasons for the geographical environment, low level of economic development, from Union is more detrimental to their development, they expressed support for the establishment of an alliance based on the draft. Some of the Republic (such as Moldova) is located in the Soviet Union and Romania, the border disputes between the regions, they advocated a loose confederation. Baltic States from the outset made it clear that they will not sign any union treaty, Georgia also said it would not sign the new Union treaty. Russia is the basis and core of the Soviet Union, although it is in favor of a new alliance, but also made a number of reservations, such as requirements between the Union Republics of Central and equal dialogue to establish the basis of honesty, and not by reform. separation of powers introduced the presidential system of western national program. and give the republics with the greatest autonomy. Although the Soviet Union he was elected the first president. But the weakening of centralized, party-ban open, and the prestige of the Soviet Communist Party The unprecedented reduction, the lack of ruling status, but also make the party could no longer control the political situation in the Soviet Union, and constraints in their own way in the Republic of .1990 June 12, and the CPSU Central Committee took a different view, advocates of the former Western liberal economic first secretary of the Russian Federation Central, was dismissed and then was elected President of the Supreme Soviet of Russia, Yeltsin was elected the first president of the Russian Federation and enhanced ability to compete with Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union in fact become the dominant political changes in the key. In this case, part of the former Soviet Union countries attempt to maintain the system of the party, government, and military leaders of plotting to launch a coup to prevent the disintegration of the Union State of the trend, restoring .7 at the end of centralized system, the new league draft treaty amendments completed scheduled to officially begin on August 20 signed .8 4, Crimea, Gorbachev went on leave, plans 19, returned to Moscow hosted the signing ceremony of the Treaty. At this time, plotting a coup implemented.
1990 on August 18, Soviet Communist Party conservatives planning a coup in an attempt to recover the power of the republics, while termination of economic reform. The main characters involved in the coup, Vice President of the Soviet Union Mariana Aliyev, Secretary of Defense Yazuo Fu, national security gram Chairman of the Committee to stay Stoichkov, Minister of the Interior Puge, Army Commander Valentin Nike Fu et al. They held a secret meeting in Moscow, decided to send representatives to the Crimea, Gorbachev ordered a state of emergency requirements, If Gorbachev did not accept to take firm measures. In the afternoon, the five-member delegation arrived in Crimea, presidential villa, but Gorbachev rejected their request. Thus, in the night of the coup formed a national emergency State Committee on the morning of 19 .8 6, Mariana Akayev announced to the nation, as Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev has been unable to perform the health status of the presidency, the Soviet Constitution, with immediate effect by the performance of his presidency. Then, he declared, effective immediately, some areas in the Soviet Union launched a 6-month state of emergency, during which all the powers transferred to the State Emergency Committee. At this time, some troops have moved into Moscow and tanks surrounded the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation location of the White House.
demonstrations to protest the army's tanks could not move in the crowd. The republic's leaders have condemned the coup actions in support of Yeltsin. On the same day, President Bush made it clear, does not recognize the new Soviet leader, to resume Ge Alba Geoff power. In the United States, led by other Western countries support Yeltsin in various ways to put pressure on the coup. due to lack of support of the masses, but also unanimously condemned by public opinion at home and abroad, the coup were quickly isolated and split the armed forces more so the goal can not be achieved .20 coup, the Soviet air force, airborne, naval and strategic rocket forces commander have publicly said they did not support the emergency committee, has been transferred to Moscow part of the army defection occurs, KGB special forces were ordered to attack the White House, Gorbachev restored the same day contact with the outside world, and issued a statement, said they had control of the situation will return to Moscow immediately to fulfill the office of President. next morning, Gorbachev returned to the capital, then the arrest of a national emergency State Committee members and other personnel involved in the coup, and the party, government, and military institutions of the cleaning, reorganization.
disintegration process. Although the incident ended with Gorbachev's reinstatement, but the real winner was Boris Yeltsin. incident, Gorbachev has lost prestige and the practical ability to lead the nation into the will to act according to Yeltsin puppet .8 23, Yeltsin ordered the suspension of the Soviet Communist Party and the Communist Party's activities in Russia, the confiscation of the property of .24 on the Communist Party, Gorbachev announced that the CPSU Central Committee General Secretary resigned from office, and suggested that the CPSU Central Committee high tendency to become more independent.
the Soviet Union. Then, Ukraine (August 24), Belarus (25 August), Moldova (August 27), Azerbaijan (August 30), Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan (August 31), Tajikistan (9 9 May), Armenia (September 23), Turkmenistan (October 27), Kazakhstan (December 16) has declared independence, only Russia has not declared independence.
8 24, the Russian lead in recognizing independence of Estonia and Latvia. In the Russian president leaves interest ...
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